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With a jury the fix is in
d>
Thomas
Lipscomb Shares:
"My
son in law is an assistant DA in the Bronx and tells me things. If it is
true that 95% of criminal trials are plea bargained and only the other 5%
such slam dunks they're entrusted to green assistant DAs by prosecutors
wanting to run up their conviction scores, how
can I assume anything but the most likely guilt of the accused?."
TWO
COINCIDENCES: I saw Judge Alvin Schlesinger died last week. And to my amazement
the NYT today ran an intelligent oped on the failure of the jury system in
criminal trials.
CUT:
Judge Schlesinger's Courtroom 10am.... 200 jurors are about to be sworn in and
we are asked "Does anyone here have any problem assuming the innocence of
the accused?" I raise my hand.
I
get a dour look from Schlesinger and he says "What's your problem?"
I
asked to approach the bench.
"Not
necessary," replies Hizhonor..."What do you have to say?"
I
gulp and begin. This wasn't going to end well.
"My
son in law is an assistant DA in the Bronx and tells me things. If it is true
that 95% of criminal trials are plea bargained and only the other 5% such slam
dunks they're entrusted to green assistant DAs by prosecutors wanting to run
up their conviction scores, how can I assume anything but the most likely
guilt of the accused?."
Now
2 beefy court officers were sent to escort me to the bench. And a red faced
Schlesinger said:" Send this guy over to civil court and make sure he
spends EVERY DAY of the two weeks there.... don't let him out early."
I
left under escort wondering if I hadn't poisoned the pool of 200 jurors, and
sat quietly waiting to ruin voir dires for the ambulance chasers of the tort
bar who went nuts at my helpful questioning...
The
last day on jury duty I got a call from Judge Schlesinger inviting me for
lunch at Forlini's which is in about every other episode of Law and Order as
the haunt of the Bar in the court area.
"You
were right, of course" said the Judge with a laugh.
"I
always wondered what you did with that pool of poisoned jurors." I
replied.
"And
you may continue wondering," said the Judge. "Let's see what's on
the menu"
FADE
OUT
Posted by editor on Saturday, January 24 @ 21:03:35 MST (1818 reads)
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READING
THE SUMMONS AND COMPLAINT ON BOB MCDONNELL & HIS WIFE, AND THEIR
RESPONSE.... IT LOOKS LIKE H. R. HALDEMAN WAS RIGHT...
Haldeman told me ruefully all
you need for a Grand Jury indictment in DC is for the Federal Prosecutor to
hand out free watermelon.
It is now clear that the Department of Justice with its assault on fair and
free state regulations to prevent voter fraud, its assault on States
attempting to enforce interlocking state and Federal regulations on
immigration, Its refusal to look into the historic IRS interference with
conservative PACs, and now its assault by Federal prosecutors on prominent
GOP political figures like Chris Christie and Bob McDonnell IS A CRIMINAL
CONSPIRACY AND SHOULD BE DEFUNDED BY CONGRESS UNTIL AN INVESTIGATION CLEARS
UP THESE AND OTHER CHARGES AGAINST IT.
Posted by editor on Wednesday, January 22 @ 09:16:15 MST (2805 reads)
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Va. AG addresses Virginia Pilot's bias in its account of the AG
Commonwealth
of Virginia
Office of the Attorney General
For
media inquiries only, contact: Brian
J. Gottstein Email:bgottstein@oag.state.va.us(best
contact method) Phone:804-786-5874
MEMO to Media: Correcting facts in Virginian
Pilot editorial on AG office's role in Southwest Virginia methane
suits
RICHMOND(September
2, 2013) - This is a brief memo to media to clarify several incorrect assertions
of fact in Sunday's Virginian Pilot editorial on the attorney general's role in
the coalbed methane suits in Southwest Virginia.
In
the September 1 editorial ("AG's explanation begins to unravel"), the
Pilot editors forward the proposition that Attorney General Ken Cuccinelli has
deliberately left out facts when explaining his office's role in the methane
suits. To the contrary, the attorney general has been forthcoming with the
media on this case, and the facts the editors say are missing have already been
reported.
The
editors also state incorrectly that unless the governor, the attorney general
himself, or a grand jury gives the state inspector general permission to do so,
the IG's review of the office's actions cannot look into whether the attorney
general had knowledge of the assistant AG's emails at the center of the case.
That is just not true.
For
the record, the attorney general had no previous knowledge of the content of his
assistant AG's emails, but learned of them following a judge's comments three
months ago.
The
claims and the facts:
1)
The Pilot editors said another newspaper "unearthed" "new"
emails showing Senior Assistant Attorney General Sharon Pigeon communicated
through email dozens of times with attorneys representing energy companies in a
lawsuit filed by property owners.
--
The paper didn't "unearth" anything. Each of these emails has
been known about and part of the public record for nearly a year.
2)
The editors said that the attorney general previously stated Pigeon's role was
limited to defending the constitutionality of the Virginia Gas and Oil Act and
that these emails had little to do with that.
--
This office has said that we officially intervened in one of the methane
lawsuits to defend the constitutionality of the Virginia Gas and Oil Act (and
Ms. Pigeon continues to monitor the cases because the constitutional
challenges continue to be raised), but we have also said that the commonwealth
had an additional interest in ensuring the court understands the reasons that
a class action suit would not resolve the gas rights ownership disputes which
keep the methane royalties from being released to the property owners.
Ms. Pigeon's emails were also about this. As counsel to the Virginia Gas
and Oil Board, she represents the board's interest in getting gas ownership
issues resolved sooner rather than later, and she was offering her thoughts on
how the attorneys could convey to the court that a years-long class action
suit would not resolve the ownership disputes which keep the royalties in
escrow. While the attorney general has characterized the tone of her
emails as a bit overzealous, he believes there was nothing wrong with her
sharing the information she did in her emails.
3)
The Pilot said the state inspector general's review of whether Pigeon's emails
were appropriate does not allow him to look into whether the attorney general
had any direct involvement or knowledge of her actions unless the governor, or
the attorney general himself, or a grand jury, requests he do so.
--
This is incorrect. As we have previously stated to the media, while the
inspector general has said he is not investigating the attorney general
personally, the law gives the IG the authority to conduct a complete review of
the AG's office, to examine any documents, and to ask any questions - even
about the attorney general - without the attorney general's permission (or
anyone else's, for that matter). The IG law treats the AG's office the
same as any other agency of state government. From the beginning, the
attorney general has instructed his staff to fully comply with the IG in his
review.
There
are currently lawsuits between property owners and gas companies in Southwest
Virginia over methane gas being extracted from underground coal beds and a
disagreement over how much property owners should receive in royalty payments
from the gas companies that extract it.
In
the process of suing the gas companies, the lawyers representing the property
owners tried to have the Virginia Gas and Oil Act declared unconstitutional. If
they had been successful, most of the property owners wouldn't get any royalty
payments, so our office intervened in the case to uphold the constitutionality
of the act, as is our legal obligation.
Before
the Virginia Gas and Oil Act was enacted, whoever sunk the first well to extract
the methane gas was deemed the owner of the gas and could extract it from under
adjacent properties without compensating the adjacent property owners. The act
allows the property owners to share in the gas production royalties.
As
is typical practice, our senior assistant attorney general working on the case,
Sharon Pigeon, cooperated with and shared information with both sides in the
case. Ms. Pigeon communicated with attorneys for the gas companies about
the interpretation of the Gas and Oil Act because they shared a common interest
with the commonwealth in protecting the law. The gas companies were using the
law as their defense in the case, claiming they were following the law when they
paid royalties to the property owners.
While
a judge's 2011 decision upheld the act as constitutional, the property owners'
attorneys continue to challenge its constitutionality to this day. As long
as there is the potential for the Virginia Gas and Oil Act to be attacked again,
sharing information with the attorneys from the gas companies to help uphold the
constitutionality of Virginia law is appropriate and is something we are
compelled to do to fully represent the interests of the people of the
commonwealth. It is also something that we told the court and the public
about more than a year ago, in June 2012.
In
addition to intervening in the case to defend the constitutionality of the
Virginia Gas and Oil Act, the commonwealth also has an interest in ensuring that
the court understands the reasons that the plaintiffs' attorneys filing a class
action suit would not resolve the gas rights ownership disputes which keep the
methane royalties from being released from escrow.
Because
gas rights have been sold or transferred separately from the surface land rights
over the decades, and because ownership records often don't exist, currently,
there are many disputes over which landowners actually own the gas rights under
the land. As long as gas rights are in dispute, the royalties for the
extracted gas have to be put in an escrow account, and they cannot be released
until proper ownership can be established.
In
her role as legal counsel to the Virginia Gas and Oil Board, which is
responsible for ultimately distributing gas royalties, Ms. Pigeon also
represents the board's interest in getting gas ownership issues resolved sooner
rather than later, so that the royalties can be released to their rightful
owners. Ms. Pigeon was trying to make the point in her emails that if the
case were turned into a class action, that still wouldn't resolve the individual
gas ownership issues that are the real obstacle to getting the royalties
released. A class action suit would go on for years, and when it was over,
the property owners would be no closer to getting their money.
As
an additional note, because of these ownership disputes, in 2011, Attorney
General Cuccinelli pursued major reforms to try to get royalties released to
property owners. His "dormant minerals bill" would have placed
the gas ownership back in the hands of the surface landowner where the mineral
ownership had sat unused for 35 years or more. The AG reached out to Sen.
Phil Puckett to patron the bill, but after first indicating he would carry it,
Puckett abruptly refused at the last minute, resulting in the bill not being
introduced.
Posted by editor on Wednesday, September 18 @ 15:35:33 MST (2607 reads)
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When men are not wrong
When Alone
Posted by editor on Wednesday, August 14 @ 05:31:16 MST (2406 reads)
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the evidence that was withheld from the jury in the Martin v. Zimm trial?
Keeping Track of the lies and half truths in the matter of the State of Fla.
v. Zimmerman
Does any one have a list of the evidence that the judge withheld from the
jury in the Martin v. Zimm trial?
Does any one have a list of the evidence that has surfaced since the trial?
Does any one have a list of the testimony that has been recanted or added to
what was given on the witness chair?
If you have anything please send it along to HCN
To Send Us A Comment or list
Posted by editor on Wednesday, July 17 @ 06:56:06 MST (2378 reads)
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Obama Comes Under Review of The Federalist Society
Executive Branch Review Project
Executive Branch Review Project
Obama Comes Under Review of
The Federalist Society
The Federalist Society Practice Groups are pleased to
announce the launch of the Executive Branch Review
Project.
An
increase in Federal executive branch regulatory activity
- whether through executive order, formal or informal
administrative agency action - has been noted by many
across the country. In launching Executive Branch
Review, the Practice Groups of the Federalist Society
seek to prompt a national debate about whether there has
been an uptick in such regulatory activity, and, if so,
with what consequence. The project will provide an
objective resource that identifies major government
activity, and provides a forum for debate and discussion
about whether such regulation constitutes a form of
legal and regulatory overreach.
Please
visit www.ExecutiveBranchProject.com,
bookmark the page, and plan to return often to learn
more about the activities of the Executive Branch as
they unfold. Also, please do comment on the posts
you will find there. The blog, Executive Branch
Review, is a forum for debate, a debate that we hope you
will join.
Posted by editor on Saturday, April 20 @ 09:23:04 MST (2550 reads)
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The REAL Last Crusade: Nazi search for the Holy Grail which inspired Indiana Jon
The
REAL Last Crusade: Nazi search for the Holy Grail which inspired Indiana Jones
http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2298716/The-REAL-Last-Crusade-Nazi-search-Holy-Grail-inspired-Indiana-Jones.html
Revealed
in exhibition 'Dig for Germania. Archaeology under the Swastika'
The
show, in Bremen, Germany, says Himmler visited Spain to hunt for Grail
He
mistakenly thought it was hidden at Montserrat Abbey near Barcelona
A
new exhibition in Germany about archaeology under the Nazis shows how the regime
launched a 'Last Crusade' expedition in wartime to find the Holy Grail from the
Last Supper of Christ.
In
the 1989 Last Crusade movie, Indiana Jones played by Harrison Ford was on the
quest for the grail - and he was in competition with the Nazis.
Now
truth turns out to be stranger than fiction in the exhibition 'Dig for Germania.
Archaeology under the Swastika' in Bremen. It tells how S.S. chief Heinrich
Himmler allegedly visited Spain during the war because he believed the grail was
at the Montserrat Abbey near Barcelona.
Real-life
echo: In the Last Crusade movie, Indiana Jones played by Harrison Ford was on
the quest for the grail - and he was in competition with the Nazis
The
chief architect and manager of the Nazi Holocaust believed that finding the
grail 'would help Germany win the war and give him supernatural powers.'
Squads
of S.S. men searched in vain for the grail. The S.S. budget for such projects
was vast as the Nazis intended their finds to rewrite history to prove Germans
were the greatest race in all history.
Before
Hitler came to power there were just a handful of professorships in archaeology;
afterwards there were 24, all tasked with promoting this claptrap theory while
finding as many rare artefacts as possible from around the globe.
'If
we want to again become a large, single people, we must build on the time, where
the Nordic racial nucleus was still pure and unadulterated and which combined
with a splendid culture which influenced all over Europe,' said Hans Reinerth,
Hitler's favourite archaeologist.
Posted by editor on Monday, March 25 @ 12:16:44 MST (3411 reads)
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Dorner: The police burning the cabin and killing him, they were judge and jury?
Some one wrote, "I'm not defending Dorner or his violence but the
police burning the cabin and killing him, they were judge and jury......We must
adhere to the Constitution/rule of law. The police could have just waited him
out. Our law enforcers have a duty to not use vigilante style tactics."
To be clear we are playing the role on Monday morning quarterbacks.
With this being said , the question in every case is whether
the acts used are used in such circumstances and are of such a nature as to
create a clear and present danger that they will bring about the substantive
evils that the police powers has a right to prevent.
"It is a question
of proximity and degree.", Justice Holmes, Schenck v. United
States, 249 U.S. 47, 52.
Here we have a man who has killed three people, shot
another two [police officers] while trying to apprehend him.
He Holes up in a cabin shooting at law enforcement
officers who ask that he surrender, even after he had made it know that he would
use and had used tactical skills to kill rather than surrendering.
The question that needs to be asked does the proximity
and degree of his acts say that police officers need not put their lives and the
lives of the community at risk?
Case law in 81 SCOTUS cases say the police acted
properly. The jury was out 81 times and returned the verdict 81 times, the
police acted properly.
Posted by editor on Thursday, February 14 @ 22:14:16 MST (2629 reads)
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50 Facts about Abraham Lincoln
New Page 1
T
OP
50 ABRAHAM LINCOLN FACTS
1.
He was the only president to have a patent: Lincoln invented a device to free
steamboats that ran aground.
2.
He practiced law without a degree. Lincoln had about 18 months of formal
schooling.
3.
He wanted women to have the vote in 1836. The future president was a suffragette
before it became fashionable.
4.
He was a big animal lover, but he wouldn’t hunt or fish. If he were alive
today, Lincoln would be running an animal shelter.
5.
He really was a wrestler. Lincoln was documented as taking part in wrestling
bouts. We don’t think he wore a mask or had a manager.
6.
He lost in his first bid for a presidential ticket. The unknown Lincoln was an
unsuccessful vice presidential candidate in 1856 at the Republican convention.
7.
He never belonged to an organized church. Lincoln read the Bible daily, but he
never joined an organized church in his lifetime.
8. He
didn’t drink, smoke, or chew. Lincoln was a simple man of tastes, and he never
drank in the White House.
9.
He didn’t have a middle name. Lincoln went through his life with two names.
10.
He hated being called Abe. Apparently, he preferred being called by his last
name.
11. Lincoln established Thanksgiving as a
national holiday.
12. He was the first president born outside of
the 13 original states.
13. Lincoln loved to eat oysters.
14. Lincoln’s cat ate at the White House
dinner table.
15. His dog was named Fido.
16. His cat was named Tabby.
17. His favorite food was fruit.
18. He was also a big fan of chicken casserole.
19. Lincoln was the first president to use the
telegraph.
20. He used the telegraph like email to
communicate with generals.
21. Lincoln’s mother was killed by poisoned
milk.
22. Lincoln’s life was saved twice when he was
young.
23. Grave robbers were foiled in 1876 when they
tried to steal Lincoln’s body.
24. He was the first president with a beard.
25. Lincoln argued a case before the Supreme
Court in 1849 and lost.
26. Lincoln failed in his first business.
27. Lincoln’s shoe size was between 12 and 14.
28. His coffin has been opened five times.
29. Lincoln was estranged from his father and
didn’t attend his funeral.
30. Lincoln didn’t play musical instruments.
31. Lincoln served one term in the U.S. House of
Representatives.
32. He ran for the U.S. Senate twice and lost.
33. Lincoln won the popular vote in Senate
campaign against Douglas but lost the election.
34. Lincoln was shot on Good Friday.
35. Lincoln was photographed with John Wilkes
Booth at his second inauguration.
36. There are no direct living descendants of
Abraham Lincoln.
37. Booth’s brother saved the life of
Lincoln’s son on a New Jersey train platform.
38. Lincoln was part of séances after his son
died in the White House.
39. Lincoln’s animals also died in a White
House stable fire.
40. Someone shot at Lincoln in 1864 and put a
hole in his stovepipe hat.
41. Lincoln was the first president to be
assassinated.
42. He was a judge on the circuit court in
Illinois.
43. Lincoln defended the son of his most famous
wrestling opponent from murder charges.
44. Lincoln battled depression for much of his
life.
45. Lincoln was seemingly obsessed with cats.
46. He was set to take part in a duel, but it
was cancelled at the last second.
47. Lincoln kept his important documents inside
his hat.
48. Lincoln’s dog Fido was killed by a drunken
assailant a year after Lincoln died.
49. Lincoln’s suit was made by Brooks
Brothers.
50. Lincoln’s guest at Ford’s Theater was
Ulysses S. Grant, who cancelled at the last second.
Posted by annoregni on Monday, November 19 @ 13:11:29 MST (5067 reads)
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Is the Accomack County Attorney Screwing up and Disregarding the law?
Is the Accomack County Attorney Screwing up and Disregarding the law?
The Answer would be yes if you follow the Frese/UARF Exchange of
emails and letters with the Accomack County's Attorney, Mark Taylor, over
Taylor's Charging $.25 per page for Copies of documents. Virginia law in Va Code
Section 2.2-3704.F. says the county can only charge its actual cost for
producing copies:
A public body may make reasonable charges not
to exceed its actual cost incurred in accessing, duplicating, supplying,
or searching for the requested records. No
public body shall impose any extraneous, intermediary or surplus fees or expenses
to recoup the general costs associated with creating or maintaining records
or transacting the general business of the public body. Any
duplicating fee charged by a public body shall not exceed the actual cost of
duplication. The public body may also make a reasonable charge for the
cost incurred in supplying records produced from a geographic information system
at the request of anyone other than the owner of the land that is the subject of
the request. However, such charges shall not exceed the actual cost to the
public body in supplying such records, except that the public body may charge,
on a pro rata per acre basis, for the cost of creating topographical maps
developed by the public body, for such maps or portions thereof, which encompass
a contiguous area greater than 50 acres. All charges for the supplying of
requested records shall be estimated in advance at the request of the citizen;
Taylor told Frese in a August 31st, 2012 letter that he had the right to set the
fee and part of Frese's response to Taylor's assertion was:
It Appears that you missed this in law school;
The inhabitants of
a municipal corporation are its corporators, and the officers are but the
public agents of the corporation. Their
duties and powers are prescribed by statute or by charter, which all persons
not only may know, but are bound to know. It
results from this doctrine that contracts not authorized by the charter, or
by statute, and which are, therefore, not within the scope of the powers of
the corporation, are void, and in actions thereon the corporation may
successfully set up as a defense its want of power.
County of Alleghany v. Parrish
, 93 Va. 615, 621, 25 S.E.
882, 884 (1896).
So HCN says to Mr. Taylor, what have you got to say about
that Mr. Taylor?
Frese also told HCN that Virginia is a Dillon Rule state,
To See more on the Dillon
Rule
which is reflective in the case he cites above, which says
unless Taylor has a law on which he can hang his hat on that says he can do as
he alleges he has the authority to do he is just blowing smoke.
James ‘Jim’ Frese, Community Empowerment Fellow with the Unalienable
Rights Foundation’s Civil Rights Division [UARF] says he provided Accomack
County, Virginia’s attorney Mark Taylor with the above tutorial via email on
what the limits of Taylor's Powers are.
Frese says he felt he needed to do this after Frese received a letter from
Taylor that addressed several of Frese’s Virginia Freedom of Information Act [VFOIA]
requests. Frese noted to HCN, "Taylor says in his letter that by his
contract with Accomack County that he is appointed to serve as the county’s
attorney and that he is delegated with all necessary authority to preform the
work of that office as Taylor’s assessment of his contract with the county is
not reflective of [1] the power the Code of Virginia says he has or [2] that can
be delegated to him by the county nor what the Dillon Rule sets out as the
limits of the County’s and Taylor’s power/authority.
To Send Us A Comment
Posted by annoregni on Thursday, September 06 @ 07:03:12 MST (2692 reads)
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Frese/UARF Provides a Tutorial to Accomack County Attorney Mark Taylor On The Li
Frese/UARF
Provides a Tutorial to Accomack County Attorney Mark Taylor On The Limits of
Taylor's Authority
Accomack County, Virginia: James ‘Jim’ Frese, Community Empowerment
Fellow with the Unalienable Rights Foundation’s Civil Rights Division [UARF]
says he provided Accomack County, Virginia’s attorney Mark Taylor with a
tutorial via email on what the limits of Taylor's Powers are.
Frese says he felt he needed to do this after Frese received a letter from
Taylor that addressed several of Frese’s Virginia Freedom of Information Act [VFOIA]
requests. Frese noted to HCN, "Taylor says in his letter that by his
contract with Accomack County that he is appointed to serve as the county’s
attorney and that he is delegated with all necessary authority to preform the
work of that office as Taylor’s assessment of his contract with the county is
not reflective of [1] the power the Code of Virginia says he has or [2] that can
be delegated to him by the county nor what the Dillon Rule sets out as the
limits of the County’s and Taylor’s power/authority.
Dillon’s Rule is the cornerstone of American municipal law. Under Dillon's
Rule, a municipal government has authority to act only when :
(1) the power is granted in the express words of the statute, private act,
or charter creating the municipal corporation;
(2) the power is necessarily or fairly implied in, or incident to the powers
expressly granted; or
(3) the power is one that is neither expressly granted nor fairly implied
from the express grants of power, but is otherwise implied as essential to the
declared objects and purposes of the corporation.
The Dillon rule is used in interpreting state law when there is a question
of whether or not a local government has a certain power. Judge Forest Dillon,
the chief justice of the Iowa Supreme Court expounded this famous rule, which
was quickly adopted by state supreme courts around the nation.
A phrase derived from a nineteenth century Iowa railroad case pervades the
decision-making of local governments in Virginia.
Throughout the Commonwealth, as well as many other states, "the Dillon
Rule" is thought to be pivotal in framing which local government
capabilities are legally permissible and which are not.
Yet the meaning of the term and its legal implications are not always well
understood. Most discussions of the Dillon Rule focus on issues of local
government autonomy and growth management efforts.
Constitutional Law
The Tenth Amendment to the United States Constitution reserves to the States
respectively, "all powers not delegated to the United States by the
Constitution, nor prohibited by it".
It makes no mention of local governments. Local municipal governments only
exist as far as they are recognized by the respective States.
The powers delegated to localities are determined by each state
respectively. This is true in all fifty states. What differs among the
fifty states is:
• how broadly state constitutions, legislatures, and courts
interpret the powers granted to local governments; and
• whether local government powers must be explicitly granted,
or explicitly denied by state legislatures.
What is the Dillon Rule?
The Dillon Rule refers to a traditional doctrine dictating that courts
interpret the powers granted by a state to local governments narrowly.
Early state constitutions gave local governments a great deal of local
autonomy through representation in state legislatures.
However, widespread municipal corruption during the mid-1800s led to changes
in state laws that limited local autonomy in favor of
more statewide control.
Judge John Dillon of Iowa was a harsh critic of local government corruption
and the nation’s premier authority on municipal law at the time. In Clark v.
City of Des Moines (1865).
Dillon set forth the rule of judicial construction, which would henceforth
bear his name:
The Dillon Rule:
Legal Framework for Decision-Making
It is a general and undisputed proposition of law that a municipal
corporation possesses and can exercise the following powers and no others:
first, those granted in express words; second, those necessarily or fairly
implied in or incident to the powers expressly granted; third, those essential
to the declared objects and purposes of the corporation, not simply convenient,
but indispensable.
Any fair, reasonable doubt concerning the existence of the power is resolved
by the courts against the corporation, and the power is denied.
2
In 1868, Dillon’s view was upheld in an Iowa State Court decision and
subsequently by the U.S. Supreme Court.
3
In 1891, the doctrine was fully adopted by the U.S. Supreme Court in Merrill
v. Monticello. In the years that followed, the Dillon Rule became a widely
accepted judicial doctrine in most federal and state courts.
A Brookings Institution study indicates that judges in 39 states employ the
Dillon Rule to define the power of local governments.
4
States vary in how strictly they apply the Dillon Rule, and Virginia courts
are widely considered to be among the most faithful adherents.
The Dillon Rule does not guide legislative decisions. The General Assembly
is free to grant local authorities any power within the bounds of the U.S. and
Virginia Constitutions. The Dillon Rule is applied by the courts only in
situations where the grant of powers through state statutes is unclear.
Tuesday, May 15, 2012
INTERNAL MEMORANDUM / FOR INTERNAL USE ONLY
Dillon Rule
City of Richmond v. Confrere Club
,
239 Va. 77, 387 S.E.2d 471 (1990)
1. In determining the legislative powers of local governing bodies, Virginia
follows the Dillon Rule of strict construction which provides that municipal
corporations possess and can exercise only those powers expressly granted by the
General Assembly, those necessarily or fairly implied therefrom, and those that
are essential and indispensable.
2. If there is any reasonable doubt whether legislative power exists, that
doubt must be resolved against the local governing body.
3. When a statute is clear and unambiguous, its plain meaning must be
accepted without resort to extrinsic evidence or to the rules of construction.
Legislative intent is determined from the plain meaning of the words used.
4. While a local official may be designated by the governing body to act
where limited discretion is to be exercised, where broad discretion is involved,
as in deciding to revoke a permit, the General Assembly clearly and
unequivocally granted such power only to the local governing body.
5. Because the General Assembly expressly granted to the city council alone
the power to suspend a permit, the council was powerless to delegate that
authority to the director of finance and the director's action was invalid.
City of Richmond v. Confrere Club, 239 Va. 77, 387 S.E.2d 471 (1990)
City of Richmond v. Confrere Club, 239 Va. 77, 77, 387 S.E.2d 471, ___
(1990)
IN THE SUPREME COURT OF VIRGINIA
CITY OF RICHMOND
v.
CONFRERE CLUB OF RICHMOND, VIRGINIA, INC.
Record No. 881380
Decided: January 12, 1990
Present: Carrico, C.J., Compton. Stephenson, Russell, Whiting, and
Lacy, JJ., and Harrison, Retired Justice
The trial court improperly held that a city ordinance delegating authority
to suspend bingo and raffle permits was consistent with the Commonwealth's
enabling statute, and that judgment is reversed.
Cities, Counties and Towns — Dillon Rule — Rules of Construction —
Delegation — Discretion — Licensing of Games of Chance — Code §§
18.2-340.1 to -340.2 — Enabling Statutes
A city issued a bingo permit to a local club as it was
authorized to do under Code § 18.2-340.8. Later the city's director of finance
conducted a hearing to determine whether the club's bingo permit should be
suspended or revoked as a result of the violations disclosed by an audit. After
a hearing, the director of finance suspended the club's permit for a 180-day
period. The club appealed the director's decision to the trial court, which
ruled that suspending a previously granted permit is one of the functions
bestowed by the General Assembly only upon the local governing body, and that
authority to suspend the permit could not be delegated. The city appeals.
1. In determining the legislative powers of local governing
bodies, Virginia follows the Dillon Rule of strict construction which provides
that municipal corporations possess and can exercise only those powers expressly
granted by the General Assembly, those necessarily or fairly implied therefrom,
and those that are essential and indispensable.
2. If there is any reasonable doubt whether legislative
power exists, that doubt must be resolved against the local governing body.
3. When a statute is clear and unambiguous, its plain
meaning must be accepted without resort to extrinsic evidence or to the rules of
construction. Legislative intent is determined from the plain meaning of the
words used.
4. While a local official may be designated by the
governing body to act where limited discretion is to be exercised, where broad
discretion is involved, as in deciding to revoke a permit, the General Assembly
clearly and unequivocally granted such power only to the local governing body.
5. Because the General Assembly expressly granted to the
city council alone the power to suspend a permit, the council was powerless to
delegate that authority to the director of finance and the director's action was
invalid. [Page 78]
Appeal from a judgment of the Circuit of the City of
Richmond. Hon. Randall G. Johnson, judge presiding.
Afffirmed.
Michael K. Jackson, Assistant City Attorney, for appellant.
Joseph W. Kaestner for appellee.
JUSTICE STEPHENSON delivered the opinion of the Court.
In this appeal, we decide whether a city ordinance
delegating authority to suspend bingo and raffle permits is consistent with the
Commonwealth's enabling statute.
The General Assembly has provided a comprehensive
legislative scheme for licensing and regulating certain organizations that
conduct bingo games and raffles. Chapter 8, Title 18.2, Article 1.1 (Code §§
18.2-340.1 to 18.2-340.14).1 In former Code § 18.2-340.2, the
General Assembly provided that before an organization engages in any bingo game
or raffle, it "shall be required to obtain an annual permit from the
governing body . . . or from a local official, designated by the governing
body." (Emphasis added.) Additionally, an organization's records of
receipts and disbursements must be filed annually "with a local official
designated by the local governing body," former Code § 18.2-340.6. Former
Code § 18.2-340.10 provided that "[t]he governing body . . . may
deny, suspend or revoke the permit of any organization found not to be in strict
compliance with the [statute]." (Emphasis added.) Before a bingo or raffle
permit may be denied, suspended, or revoked, however, the local governing
body must conduct a hearing to determine whether the organization is in
compliance. Former Code § 18.2-340.12.
To facilitate regulation of bingo games and raffles within
the localities, Code § 18.2-340.8 authorizes local governing bodies to
"adopt an ordinance, not in conflict with the provisions of [Article
1.1]." Pursuant to this enabling statute, the council of the City of
Richmond (the City) adopted ordinances regulating bingo and raffles in the City.
Section 4-55 of the City Code provides that "[t]he director of finance may
deny, suspend or revoke the permit of any organization found not to be in strict
compliance with the [Page 79] provisions of this article," and Section 4-57
empowers the City's director of finance to conduct the hearing to determine
whether the permit should be denied, suspended, or revoked. Richmond, Va., City
Code (1985 & Supp. 1986).
On January 13, 1986, the City issued a bingo permit to
Confrere Club of Richmond, Virginia, Inc. (Confrere). Thereafter, the City
auditor's staff conducted a field audit of Confrere's records for the
three-month period ending September 30, 1986. The audit disclosed violations of
certain accounting and recording regulations adopted by the City.
On June 16, 1987, the City's director of finance conducted a
hearing to determine whether Confrere's bingo permit should be suspended or
revoked as a result of the violations disclosed by the audit. After a hearing,
the director of finance suspended Confrere's permit for a period of 180 days.
Confrere appealed the director's decision to the trial
court, Code § 18.2-340.12, and the suspension was stayed pending the appeal.
The trial court ruled that suspending a previously granted permit is one of the
functions bestowed by the General Assembly only upon the "local governing
body" and that the authority to suspend the permit could not be delegated.
The trial court vacated the suspension and remanded the case to the City
"for such further proceedings as [the City] deem[ed] advisable." The
City appeals.
[1-2] In determining the legislative powers of local
governing bodies, Virginia follows the Dillon Rule of strict construction. The
Dillon Rule provides that municipal corporations possess and can exercise only
those powers expressly granted by the General Assembly, those necessarily or
fairly implied therefrom, and those that are essential and indispensable. Stallings
v. Wall, 235 Va. 313, 315-16, 367 S.E.2d 496, 497 (1988); County Board v.
Brown, 229 Va. 341, 344, 329 S.E.2d 468, 470 (1985); Tabler v. Fairfax
County, 221 Va. 200, 202, 269 S.E.2d 358, 359 (1980); Hylton v. Prince
William Co., 220 Va. 435, 440, 258 S.E.2d 577, 581 (1979); Commonwealth
v. Arlington County Bd., 217 Va. 558, 573-74, 232 S.E.2d 30, 40 (1977); Bd.
of Supervisors v. Horne, 216 Va. 113, 117, 215 S.E.2d 453, 455-56 (1975); City
of Richmond v. County Board, 199 Va. 679, 684, 101 S.E.2d 641, 644-45
(1958); Donable v. Harrisonburg, 104 Va. 533, 535, 52 S.E. 174, 175
(1905); Winchester v. Redmond, 93 Va. 711, 714, 25 S.E. 1001, 1002
(1896). If there is any reasonable doubt [Page 80] whether legislative power
exists, that doubt must be resolved against the local governing body. Stallings,
235 Va. at 316, 367 S.E.2d at 497; Winchester, 93 Va. at 714, 25 S.E. at
1002.
[3] However, when a statute is clear and unambiguous, its
plain meaning must be accepted without resort to extrinsic evidence or to the
rules of construction. Legislative intent is determined from the plain meaning
of the words used. Marsh v. City of Richmond, 234 Va. 4, 11, 360 S.E.2d
163, 167 (1987); Va. Dept. of Labor v. Westmoreland Coal Co., 233 Va. 97,
99, 353 S.E.2d 758, 760-61 (1987); Ambrogi v. Koontz, 224 Va. 381, 386,
297 S.E.2d 660, 662 (1982). When legislative intent is plain, we must respect it
and give it effect. Arlington County Bd., 217 Va. at 579, 232 S.E.2d at
43,
[4] The legislative scheme makes clear that, with respect to
matters in which limited discretion is exercised, a local official designated by
the governing body is empowered to act. When, however, the issue is whether a
permit previously granted should be suspended or revoked, broad discretion is
involved. In such circumstances, the General Assembly clearly and unequivocally
granted such power only to the local governing body.
[5] Because the General Assembly expressly granted to City
Council alone the power to suspend a permit, Council was powerless to delegate
that authority to the director of finance.2 Therefore, the director's
actions were invalid.
Accordingly, we will affirm the trial court's judgment.
Affirmed.
FOOTNOTES
1
This appeal involves Article 1.1 as it existed prior
to its amendment in 1989.
2
In 1959. the General Assemble amended Code §
18.2-340.10 and -340.12 to provide that "the local official or board
designated by the governing body," as well as the governing body, may deny,
suspend, or revoke a permit. Acts 1989, c. 113.
Posted by annoregni on Wednesday, September 05 @ 12:08:51 MST (2396 reads)
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Jim Frese Cross Examines Accomack County Attorney Mark Taylor
Jim Frese Examines and Cross Examines Mark Taylor Part1
Jim Frese
Community Empowerment Fellow
Civil Rights Division
The Unalienable Rights Foundation
Examines and Cross Examines
Accomack County Attorney, Mark B. Taylor's
Reply to Frese's Notice to Accomack County Supervisors
Of Their Violation of
Section 2.2-3707 of
The Virginia Freedom of Information Act
Part I
Taylor's Residency
The Taylor Estate in Fredericksburg,
Virginia who's upkeep is being maintained by the $120,822+that Accomack County
taxpayers are paying a year to a guy who only works 4 days a week
[according to his contract]? But often you can not find him in the County, never
mind his office, and no one seems to know where he is when you ask. Maybe
he is here in the Mansion? Where would you be, given the choice in this
Fredricksburg mansion or the sorry old offices of Accomack
County?
Good Afternoon Mr. Taylor.
I hope that everything is well with you and your family in
Spotsylvania County
and that your wife, Francesa is doing well
Mr. Taylor please
To confirm or deny that you filed a 2011 federal income tax
return, Internal Revenue Service form 1040
Mr. Taylor please
To confirm or deny that you filed a joint 2011 federal income
tax return, Internal Revenue Service form 1040 return with your wife.
Mr. Taylor please
To confirm deny that on your 2011 federal income tax return,
Internal Revenue Service form 1040 you showed your home address / residence to be 6107
Thayer Street, Fredericksburg in Spotsylvania County, Virginia [please look at
Exhibit 12 below to help you refresh your memory or say this is not the home the
taxpayers of Accomack County are paying you $120,000.00 a year to maintain].
Mr. Taylor please
To confirm or deny that you filed a 2011 Virginia state
income tax return, Virginia Department of Taxation Form 760
Mr. Taylor please
To confirm deny that on your 2011 Virginia state income tax return, Virginia
department of taxation form 760 you showed your home address / residence to be
6107 Thayer Street, Fredericksburg in Spotsylvania County, Virginia [please look
at Exhibit 12 below to help you refresh your memory or say this is not the home
the taxpayers of Accomack County are paying you $120,000.00 a year to
maintain].
Mr. Taylor please
To confirm or deny that section five [5] at item D, page three [3] of your April
20, 2011 employment with Accomack says that, ‘Employee shall maintain his
residence within the Boundaries of Accomack County for the duration of the
contract." [please look at Exhibit eight [8] below to help you refresh your
memory or say this is not a provision of the aforesaid].
Mr. Taylor please
To confirm or deny that 6107 Thayer Street, Fredericksburg in
Spotsylvania County, Virginia is not in Accomack County.
Mr. Taylor please
To confirm or deny that having a home 6107 Thayer Street,
Fredericksburg in Spotsylvania County, Virginia and not having a home in
Accomack County is a material breach of your employment agreement [section five
[5] at item D, page three [3] of your April 20, 2011] with Accomack
County.
Index of UARF Documents / Exhibits / Evidence
Frese's notice To Accomack Board of Supervisors
Exhibit 1
Steve Minor' Reply
Exhibit 2
Mark Taylor's Reply
Exhibit 3
Spotsylvania County, Virginia Real Estate Bill
Mark Brian Taylor or Francessa F. Taylor
6107 Thayer Street / Fox Point Lot 235 / Sec 7
Exhibit 4
Spotsylvania County, Virginia Full Real Estate Assessment Report
Mark Brian Taylor or Francessa F. Taylor
6107 Thayer Street / Fox Point Lot 235 / Sec 7
Exhibit 5
Department of Treasury
Internal Revenue Service Form
1040
Exhibit 7
Department of Treasury
Internal Revenue Service Form
1040 / Sch. A
Exhibit 7
Mark Brian Taylor Employment Contract With Accomack County Dated April
20, 2011
Exhibit 8
2011 Department of Treasury
Internal Revenue Service Form
1040 Instructions
Cat No. 11325E
Exhibit 9
White Dog Publishing v.
Culpeper Bd. of Sup., 272 Va. 377, 634 S.E.2d
334 (2006)
IN THE SUPREME COURT OF VIRGINIA
WHITE DOG PUBLISHING, INC., ET AL.
v.
CULPEPER COUNTY BOARD OF SUPERVISORS
Record No. 052333
Exhibit 10
Mark Brian Taylor's Lost Cause
Glazebrook v. Board of Supervisors, 266 Va. 550,
587 S.E.2d 589 (2003)
IN THE SUPREME COURT OF VIRGINIA
RAYNOLD C. GLAZEBROOK, JR.,
TRUSTEE, ET AL.
v.
BOARD OF SUPERVISORS OF
SPOTSYLVANIA COUNTY
Record No. 022937
Decided: October 31, 2003
Record No. 022937
Exhibit 11
The Mark Taylor
Fredericksburg Mansion
Exhibit 12
Posted by annoregni on Sunday, June 10 @ 11:58:41 MST (2992 reads)
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Examination and Cross Examination of Steve Miner's reply to Frese's FOIA
Bill Graham
PART I Billy Graham
Forensic Data Fact Checker HCN
Examines and Cross Examines
Accomack County's
Steve Miner's
Reply
To the April 20, 2012 Virginia Freedom of Information Request
from the Civil Rights Division / Unalienable Rights Foundation's Community
Empowerment Fellow ~ James Frese
For those of you who missed it, after numerous non-responsive replies from Steve
Miner, Esq. ([a member of the Virginia State Bar] Accomack County, Virginia
County Administrator), to the
Unalienable Right Foundation's [UARF] Civil Rights Division's Community
Empowerment Fellow, James Frese's Freedom of Information Act [VFOIA]
request to examine public records that the Virginia Public Record Act [ACT]
says the County must maintain. Frese asked to see an index of the files, that
have been classified, arranged, and indexed so that these essential public records
are made available to the public as required in Virginia Code § 42.1-86.
Accomack County's Administrator
finally provided UARF with a list of files that the Administrator
holds out to be what UARF asked for in its VFOIA request ; It was not and why it was not will be dealt with
a bit later in this post.
To see the VFOIA Request:
After almost a month after Miner received the VFOIA that
pointed out to Miner [@ ln. 50 of the VFOIA request] that the law says he shall
or the county attorney, Mark Taylor, Esq. shall furnish, as the county
administrator or attorney, respectively, a copy of the ACT to, "Any person
elected, reelected, appointed, or reappointed to the governing body of any
agency subject within two weeks following that person's election,
reelection, appointment, or reappointment" . . . to the agency he did
furnished a copy of the ACT to the Accomack County Board of Supervisors [BS] at
the last BS meeting. Miner wrote and told the BS via email prior to that BS
meeting and in the BS meeting that he was passing out the ACT as a refresher
course. This clearly indicates to Frese and HCN that Miner was implying that the
BS had previously been, in some form, provided / instructed in the ACT.
To see what was provided by the county's administrator as an index
The index Miner provided to Frese fails to show where Miner in
his eight plus years as county administrator or Taylor in his five plus years as
county attorney ever provided any copies of the ACT to the BS or any other
county official or employee.
This raises the question for Mr. Miner, how do you conduct a
refresher course when the records and minutes of the BS meetings you
maintain/created do not show where you or Taylor conducted the initial / first course
nor distributed a copy of the ACT as required by the ACT in § 42.1-76.1.
Notice of Chapter. — Any person elected, reelected, appointed, or
reappointed to the governing body of any agency subject to this chapter shall (i)
be furnished by the agency or public body's administrator or legal counsel with
a copy of this chapter within two weeks following election, reelection,
appointment, or reappointment and (ii) read and become familiar with the
provisions of this chapter. (2006, c. 60.)
By a link of this post sent to Mr. Miner at both
sminer@co.accomack.va.us
and
administration@co.accomack.va.us
HCN is asking him to please confirm or deny the
following:
Mr. Miner please
to Affirm or deny that you never complied with ACT §
42.1-76.1. from September 15th, 2004 until April 18th, 2012.
§ 42.1-76.1. Notice of Chapter. — Any person elected,
reelected, appointed, or reappointed to the governing body of any agency subject
to this chapter shall (i) be furnished by the agency or public body's
administrator or legal counsel with a copy of this chapter within two weeks
following election, reelection, appointment, or reappointment and (ii) read and
become familiar with the provisions of this chapter. (2006, c. 60.)
Mr. Miner please
to Affirm or deny that you were required to comply with ACT §
42.1-76.1. from September 15th, 2004 until April 18th, 2012.
Mr. Miner please
to Affirm or deny that not complying with ACT §
42.1-76.1. from September 15th, 2004 until April 18th, 2012 would be acts of
omissions of acts that you were required to do [nonfeasance]..
In early times the want of a common law remedy suited to cases
of nonperformance of simple obligations caused frequent recourse to equity for
relief, but in the twenty-five years of the reign of Henry VII. it was settled
by the judges that an action on the case would lie as well for nonfeasance as
for malfeasance, and in that way assumpsit was introduced. In theory it was an
action for the nonperformance of simple contracts and the formula and
proceedings were constructed and carried on accordingly. Very early, however,
there were successful efforts to apply it beyond its import, and from the reign
of Elizabeth this action has been extended to almost every case where an
obligation arises from natural reason and the just construction of law, that is,
quasi ex contractu; and is now maintained in many cases which its
principles do not comprehend and where fictions and intendment are resorted to,
to fit the actual cause of action to the theory of the remedy." 2 R. C. L.,
sec. 3. Norfolk v. Norfolk County, 120 Va. 356, 361, 91 S.E. 820, ___
(1917).
Mr. Miner please
to Affirm or deny that Accomack County as of April 20, 2012
not in Compliance with with ACT § 42.1-85.C. as it has not designated
as records officer.
Each . . . political subdivision of this Commonwealth shall
designate as many as appropriate, but at least one, records officer to serve as
a liaison to The Library of Virginia for the purposes of implementing and
overseeing a records management program, and coordinating legal disposition,
including destruction, of obsolete records. Virginia Code § 42.1-85.C.
Posted by annoregni on Sunday, May 27 @ 08:24:26 MST (2845 reads)
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political indoctrination on college campuses
. . .the lecturer, retired professor H. Douglas Brown from S.F. State,
seemed perfectly willing to let the cat out of the bag about political
indoctrination on college campuses
. . . exquisite and irrefutable detail the extreme liberal bias at the
University of California
SYSTEMATIC
PRACTICE OF POLITICAL INDOCTRINATION AT UNIVERSITIES AND COLLEGES
Homeschool
is the only option left to the rational, freedom-loving American. The left
and their subversive partners have destroyed our universities
and colleges. Every parent with a child in school knows how awful the
leftwing indoctrination is.
The
war on educationcommenced
with the student rebellion of 1964. Brick by brick, piece by piece, the
great American education system was dismantled, destroyed. This
did not happen organically. This was a deliberate, systematic attack on
America and individualism.
Because this was a presentation aimed at education insiders
only, the lecturer, retired professor H. Douglas Brown from S.F. State,
seemed perfectly willing to let the cat out of the bag about political
indoctrination on college campuses. Fortunately, I had my trusty camera
with me, so I was able not only to snap a few pictures but
also record several key portions of his speech, which I found so
eye-opening that I felt the
general public deserved to hear it as well.
The
timing couldn’t have been better: A devastating
new report issued by the National Association of Scholars had
just been issued a few days beforehand, which documented with exquisite
and irrefutable detail the extreme liberal bias at the University of
California. However, the main problem with the NAS report (which you can
download in full here if
you’re interested) is that it’s toooverwhelming and too
technical to deliver the kind of emotional impact needed to sway public
opinion. To drive home the
point in a more personal way, the NAS report needed an introductory
companion anecdote of a professor frankly confessing the rationale behind
what is essentially the “theory of indoctrination.” As if on cue,
Professor Brown stepped into that role, unwitting though he may have been.
Let
it be noted that Professor H. Douglas Brown is no wild-eyed extremist; in
fact, he’s rather bland and respectable and not the most thrilling of
speakers, as you will soon hear. But that’s what made his presentation
so disturbing: radical and self-admittedly “subversive” attitudes that
affect the future of society are discussed with matter-of-fact
nonchalance. The main drawback of Professor Brown’s verbal style (at
least from my point of view) is that he often resorts to the academics’
tried-and-true escape hatch, which is to rephrase statements as questions,
so as to have plausible deniability if later confronted. Thus, for
example, instead of just flatly saying something like “We should
indoctrinate students with leftist ideologies,” he asks “Should
we indoctrinate students with leftist ideologies?” and only after five
minutes of talking in circles eventually concludes “Yes.”
The
title of Brown’s lecture is taken from an influential and groundbreaking
book published in 1969. Written by Neil Postman and Charles Weingartner,
the manifestoTeaching
as a Subversive Activitydid
not actually advocate political indoctrination in the classroom, but
rather it was one of the first books to completely deconstruct the concept
ofeducationitself,
and the “subversion” it advocated was much deeper and more structural:
Get rid of tests, the notions of “the right answer” and “the wrong
answer,” the memorization of facts, the ascendency of teachers, and so
forth; instead, makeeducationan
ungraded process of learning how to think and how to criticize, respecting
the opinions and ideas of the students themselves. Of course, this being
1969, it was presumed that the establishment status quo with its facts and
rules was rigid and conservative, while the students were radical and
transgressive, so all one had to do to foment a revolution was simply to
put the kids in charge of their owneducation,
and they’ll naturally overthrow society without even being specifically
instructed to do so. (If you’re curious, the entire text ofTeaching
as a Subversive Activityis
nowavailable
for free online as a PDF document.)
Posted by annoregni on Saturday, April 14 @ 14:27:12 MST (2710 reads)
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The Proper storage of the koran
The Proper storage of the koran
Pakistan: Thousands of Qurans Dumped in Raw Sewage
Canal
In case you actually believed that all of this unholy slaughter was about
some nonsensical manufactured "religious indiscretion" and not
about power, supremcacy and an excuse to kill infidel soldiers in the cause
of Islam, get real:
Koran’s used as toilet paper in Lahore, Pakistan? In the video, you
will see some books are in tact, but many more, just pages and pages
lying in the filth of a canal where sewage flows. A man drains
the canal several times a year – been doing it for ten years. He
rescues the pages and the books, and tries to clean them. He has begged
his Government to use only paper that can be recycled, thinking they
will be easier to clean! Apparently, Pakistan prints
and supplies all the Korans in the country. His Government isn’t
interested in recycling.
“What can I say? I say O Allah save this population from throwing
Allah’s word into filth.”
Today our soldiers are dying in Afghanistan for disposing of Korans
used among prisoners to pass messages. To
date, four dead, murdered by Afghan security, whom we are training.
Today, reports of another
seven of our military injured in a grenade attack (according to Fox
News this minute) - yet Muslims are using their own holy book for their
own intimate convenience, maybe in silent protest for the darkness it
has brought to their lives. Who knows? Moonbattery
has another idea. Thanks to HalalPorkChop
for the video.
For full article
To Send Us A Comment
Posted by david on Monday, February 27 @ 07:22:24 MST (2506 reads)
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